|
|
|
|
Powered by 360training.com
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
 |
Link to OSHA web site OSHA DOES NOT ENDURES ANY TRAINING
COMPANY
Training Requirements in OSHA
Construction Industry Standards and Training Guidelines
|
|
|
Construction Safety and Health
Outreach Program |
U.S. Department of Labor
OSHA Office of Training and Education
May 1996 |
|
OSHA Office of Training and
Education - 1996
| This
informational discussion is intended to provide a
generic, non-exhaustive overview of a particular
standards-related topic. This discussion does not
itself alter or determine compliance
responsibilities, which are set forth in OSHA
standards themselves, and in the
Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970. Moreover, because
interpretations and enforcement policy may change
over time, for additional guidance on OSHA
compliance requirements, the reader should consult
current administrative interpretations and decisions
by the Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission and the courts. |
Introduction |
Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) explicitly require the employer
to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their
jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer's
responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees
who are "certified," "competent," or "qualified"-meaning
that they have had special previous training, in or out of
the workplace. The term "designated" personnel means
selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's
representative as being qualified to perform specific
duties. These requirements reflect OSHA's belief that
training is an essential part of every employer's safety and
health program for protecting workers from injuries and
illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who are new
on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than
more experienced workers. If ignorance of specific job
hazards and of proper work practices is even partly to blame
for this higher injury rate, then training will help to
provide a solution.
As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health
training requirements, the Process
Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard
(Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1926.64)
contains several training requirements. This standard was
promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. The Process Safety Management Standard
requires the employer to evaluate or verify that employees
comprehend the training given to them. This means that the
training to be given must have established goals and
objectives regarding what is to be accomplished. Subsequent
to the training, an evaluation would be conducted to verify
that the employees understood the subjects presented or
acquired the desired skills. If the established goals and
objectives of the training program were not achieved as
expected, the employer then would revise the training
program to make it more effective, or conduct more frequent
refresher training or some combination of these. The
requirements of the Process Safety Management Standard
follow the concepts embodied in the OSHA training guidelines
contained in this discussion.
The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it
difficult to find all the references to training. So, to
help employers, safety and health professionals, training
directors, and others with a need to know, OSHA's
training-related requirements have been excerpted and
collected in this discussion. Requirements for posting
information, warning signs, labels, and the like are
excluded, as are most references to the qualifications of
people assigned to test workplace conditions or equipment.
It is usually a good idea for the employer to keep a record
of all safety and health training. Records can provide
evidence of the employer's good faith and compliance with
OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to
one of the first questions an accident investigator will
ask: "Was the injured employee trained to do the job?"
Training in the proper performance of a job is time and
money well spent, and the employer might regard it as an
investment rather than an expense. An effective program of
safety and health training for workers can result in fewer
injuries and illnesses, better morale, and lower insurance
premiums, among other benefits.
|
Voluntary
Training Guidelines
INTRODUCTION |
The Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 does not address specifically the responsibility
of employers to provide health and safety information and
instruction to employees, although Section 5(a)(2) does
require that each employer " . . . shall comply with
occupational safety and health standards promulgated under
this Act." However, more than 100 of the Act's current
standards do contain training requirements.
Therefore, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
has developed voluntary training guidelines to assist
employers in providing the safety and health information and
instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal
risk to themselves, to fellow employees, and to the public.
The guidelines are designed to help employers to: (1)
determine whether a worksite problem can be solved by
training; (2) determine what training, if any, is needed;
(3) identify goals and objectives for the training; (4)
design learning activities; (5) conduct training; (6)
determine the effectiveness of the training; and (7) revise
the training program based on feedback from employees,
supervisors, and others.
The development of the guidelines is part of an agency-wide
objective to encourage cooperative, voluntary safety and
health activities among OSHA, the business community, and
workers. These voluntary programs include training and
education, consultation, voluntary protection programs, and
abatement assistance.
Training Model
The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing,
conducting, evaluating, and revising training programs. The
training model can be used to develop training programs for
a variety of occupational safety and health hazards
identified at the workplace. Additionally, it can assist
employers in their efforts to meet the training requirements
in current or future occupational safety and health
standards.
A training program designed in accordance with these
guidelines can be used to supplement and enhance the
employer's other education and training activities. The
guidelines afford employers significant flexibility in the
selection of content and training program design. OSHA
encourages a personalized approach to the informational and
instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby
enabling employers to provide the training that is most
needed and applicable to local working conditions.
Assistance with training programs or the identification of
resources for training is available through such
organizations as OSHA full-service Area Offices, State
agencies which have their own OSHA-approved occupational
safety and health programs, OSHA-funded State on-site
consultation programs for employers, local safety councils,
the OSHA Office of Training and Education, and OSHA-funded
New Directions grantees.
Review Commission Implications
OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And
they should not be used by employers as a total or complete
guide in training and education matters which can result in
enforcement proceedings before the Occupational Safety and
Health Review Commission. However, employee training
programs are always an issue in Review Commission cases
which involve alleged violations of training requirements
contained in OSHA standards.
The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue
in contested cases where the affirmative defense of
unpreventable employee misconduct is raised. Under case law
well-established in the Commission and the courts, an
employer may successfully defend against an otherwise valid
citation by demonstrating that all feasible steps were taken
to avoid the occurrence of the hazard, and that actions of
the employee involved in the violation were a departure from
a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which the
employee had either actual or constructive knowledge.
In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given
to employees in connection with a specific hazard is a
factual matter which can be decided only by considering all
the facts and circumstances surrounding the alleged
violation. The general guidelines in this publication are
not intended, and
cannot be used, as evidence of the appropriate level of
training in litigation involving either the training
requirements of OSHA standards or affirmative defenses based
upon employer training programs.
TRAINING GUIDELINES
OSHA's training guidelines follow a model that consists of:
- Determining if Training is Needed
- Identifying Training Needs
- Identifying Goals and Objectives
- Developing Learning Activities
- Conducting the Training
- Evaluating Program Effectiveness
- Improving the Program
The model is designed to be one that
even the owner of a business with very few employees can use
without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase
expensive training materials. Using this model, employers or
supervisors can develop and administer safety and health
training programs that address problems specific to their
own business, fulfill the learning needs of their own
employees, and strengthen the overall safety and health
program of the workplace.
Determining If Training is Needed
The first step in the training process is a basic one to
determine whether a problem can be solved by training.
Whenever employees are not performing their jobs properly,
it is often assumed that training will bring them up to
standard. However, it is possible that other actions (such
as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering
controls) would enable employees to perform their jobs
properly.
Ideally, safety and health training should be provided
before problems or accidents occur. This training would
cover both general safety and health rules and work
procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or
near-miss incident occurred.
Problems that can be addressed effectively by training
include those that arise from lack of knowledge of a work
process, unfamiliarity with equipment, or incorrect
execution of a task. Training is less effective (but still
can be used) for problems arising from an employee's lack of
motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its
purpose, training is most effective when designed in
relation to the goals of the employer's total safety and
health program.
Identifying Training Needs
If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in
part, by training, then the next step is to determine what
training is needed. For this, it is necessary to identify
what the employee is expected to do and in what ways, if
any, the employee's performance is deficient. This
information can be obtained by conducting a job analysis
which pinpoints what an employee needs to know in order to
perform a job.
When designing a new training program, or preparing to
instruct an employee in an unfamiliar procedure or system, a
job analysis can be developed by examining engineering data
on new equipment or the safety data sheets on unfamiliar
substances. The content of the specific Federal or State
OSHA standards applicable to a business can also provide
direction in developing training content. Another option is
to conduct a Job Hazard Analysis. This is a procedure for
studying and recording each step of a job, identifying
existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way
to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the
risks. Information obtained from a Job Hazard Analysis can
be used as the content for the training activity.
If an employer's learning needs can be met by revising an
existing training program rather than developing a new one,
or if the employer already has some knowledge of the process
or system to be used, appropriate training content can be
developed through such means as:
- Using company accident and injury records to
identify how accidents occur and what can be done to
prevent them from recurring.
- Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in
their own words, descriptions of their jobs. These
should include the tasks performed and the tools,
materials and equipment used.
- Observing employees at the worksite as they perform
tasks, asking about the work, and recording their
answers.
- Examining similar training programs offered by other
companies in the same industry, or obtaining suggestions
from such organizations as the National Safety Council
(which can provide information on Job Hazard Analysis),
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, OSHA-approved State
programs, OSHA full-service Area Offices, OSHA-funded
State consultation programs, or the OSHA Office of
Training and Education.
The employees themselves can provide
valuable information on the training they need. Safety and
health hazards can be identified through the employees'
responses to such questions as whether anything about their
jobs frightens them, if they have had any near-miss
incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if they
believe that their jobs involve hazardous operations or
substances.
Once the kind of training that is needed has been
determined, it is equally important to determine what kind
of training is not needed.
Employees should be made aware of all the steps involved in
a task or procedure, but training should focus on those
steps on which improved performance is needed. This avoids
unnecessary training and tailors the training to meet the
needs of the employees.
Identifying Goals and Objectives
Once the employees' training needs have been identified,
employers can then prepare objectives for the training.
Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will tell
employers what they want their employees to do, to do
better, or to stop doing.
Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written,
but in order for the training to be as successful as
possible, clear and measurable objectives should be
thought-out before the training begins. For an objective to
be effective it should identify as precisely as possible
what the individuals will do to demonstrate that they have
learned, or that the objective has been reached. They should
also describe the important conditions under which the
individual will demonstrate competence and define what
constitutes acceptable performance.
Using specific, action-oriented language, the instructional
objectives should describe the preferred practice or skill
and its observable behavior. For example, rather than using
the statement: "The employee will understand how to use a
respirator" as an instructional objective, it would be
better to say: "The employee will be able to describe how a
respirator works and when it should be used." Objectives are
most effective when worded in sufficient detail that other
qualified persons can recognize when the desired behavior is
exhibited.
Developing Learning Activities
Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for
the training program are, then learning activities can be
identified and described. Learning activities enable
employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired
skills and knowledge. To ensure that employees transfer the
skills or knowledge from the learning activity to the job,
the learning situation should simulate the actual job as
closely as possible. Thus, employers may want to arrange the
objectives and activities in a sequence which corresponds to
the order in which the tasks are to be performed on the job,
if a specific process is to be learned. For instance, if an
employee must learn the beginning processes of using a
machine, the sequence might be: (1) to check that the power
source is connected; (2) to ensure that the safety devices
are in place and are operative; (3) to know when and how to
throw the switch; and so on.
A few factors will help to determine the type of learning
activity to be incorporated into the training. One aspect is
the training resources available to the employer. Can a
group training program that uses an outside trainer and film
be organized, or should the employer personally train the
employees on a one-to-one basis? Another factor is the kind
of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the learning
oriented toward physical skills (such as the use of special
tools) or toward mental processes and attitudes? Such
factors will influence the type of learning activity
designed by employers. The training activity can be
group-oriented, with lectures, role play, and
demonstrations; or designed for the individual as with
self-paced instruction.
The determination of methods and materials for the learning
activity can be as varied as the employer's imagination and
available resources will allow. The employer may want to use
charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, films, viewgraphs
(overhead transparencies), videotapes, audiotapes, or simply
blackboard and chalk, or any combination of these and other
instructional aids. Whatever the method of instruction, the
learning activities should be developed in such a way that
the employees can clearly demonstrate that they have
acquired the desired skills or knowledge.
Conducting the Training
With the completion of the steps outlined above, the
employer is ready to begin conducting the training. To the
extent possible, the training should be presented so that
its organization and meaning are clear to the employees. To
do so, employers or supervisors should: (1) provide
overviews of the material to be learned; (2) relate,
wherever possible, the new information or skills to the
employee's goals, interests, or experience; and (3)
reinforce what the employees learned by summarizing the
program's objectives and the key points of information
covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the
training in a clear, unambiguous manner.
In addition to organizing the content, employers must also
develop the structure and format of the training. The
content developed for the program, the nature of the
workplace or other training site, and the resources
available for training will help employers determine for
themselves the frequency of training activities, the length
of the sessions, the instructional techniques, and the
individual(s)
best qualified to present the information.
In order to be motivated to pay attention and learn the
material that the employer or supervisor is presenting,
employees must be convinced of the importance and relevance
of the material. Among the ways of developing motivation
are: (1) explaining the goals and objectives of instruction;
(2) relating the training to the interests, skills, and
experiences of the employees; (3) outlining the main points
to be presented during the training session(s); and (4)
pointing out the benefits of training (e.g., the employee
will be better informed, more skilled, and thus more
valuable both on the job and on the labor market; or the
employee will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge
learned, be able to work at reduced risk).
An effective training program allows employees to
participate in the training process and to practice their
skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that they are
learning the required knowledge or skills and permit
correction if necessary. Employees can become involved in
the training process by participating in discussions, asking
questions, contributing their knowledge and expertise,
learning through hands-on experiences, and through
role-playing exercises.
Evaluating Program Effectiveness
To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its
goals, an evaluation of the training can be valuable.
Training should have, as one of its critical components, a
method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A
plan for evaluating the training session(s), either written
or thought-out by the employer, should be developed when the
course objectives and content are developed. It should not
be delayed until the training has been completed. Evaluation
will help employers or supervisors determine the amount of
learning achieved and whether an employee's performance has
improved on the job. Among the methods of evaluating
training are: (1) Student opinion.
Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can
help employers determine the
relevance and appropriateness of the training program;
(2) Supervisors' observations.
Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee's
performance both before and after the training and note
improvements or changes; and (3)
Workplace improvements. The ultimate success of a
training program may be changes throughout the workplace
that result in reduced injury or accident rates.
However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give
employers the information necessary to decide whether or not
the employees achieved the desired results, and whether the
training session should be offered again at some future
date.
Improving the Program
If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not
give the employees the level of knowledge and skill that was
expected, then it may be necessary to revise the training
program or provide periodic retraining. At this point,
asking questions of employees and of those who conducted the
training may be of some help. Among the questions that could
be asked are: (1) Were parts of the content already known
and, therefore, unnecessary? (2) What material was confusing
or distracting? (3) Was anything missing from the program?
(4) What did the employees learn, and what did they fail to
learn?
It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process,
that is, to return to the first steps and retrace one's way
through the training process. As the program is evaluated,
the employer should ask: (1) If a job analysis was
conducted, was it accurate? (2) Was any critical feature of
the job overlooked? (3) Were the important gaps in knowledge
and skill included? (4) Was material already known by the
employees intentionally omitted? (5) Were the instructional
objectives presented clearly and concretely? (6) Did the
objectives state the level of acceptable performance that
was expected of employees? (7) Did the learning activity
simulate the actual job? (8) Was the learning activity
appropriate for the kinds of knowledge and skills required
on the job? (9) When the training was presented, was the
organization of the material and its meaning made clear?
(10) Were the employees motivated to learn? (11) Were the
employees allowed to participate actively in the training
process? (12) Was the employer's evaluation of the program
thorough?
A critical examination of the steps in the training process
will help employers to determine where course revision is
necessary.
MATCHING TRAINING TO EMPLOYEES
While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible
about the safety and health hazards to which they are
exposed, and employers should attempt to provide all
relevant information and instruction to all employees, the
resources for such an effort frequently are not, or are not
believed to be, available. Thus, employers are often faced
with the problem of deciding who is in the greatest need of
information and instruction.
One way to differentiate between employees who have priority
needs for training and those who do not is to identify
employee populations which are at higher levels of risk. The
nature of the work will provide an indication that such
groups should receive priority for information on
occupational safety and health risks.
Identifying Employees at Risk
One method of identifying employee populations at high
levels of occupational risk (and thus in greater need of
safety and health training) is to pinpoint hazardous
occupations. Even within industries which are hazardous in
general, there are some employees who operate at greater
risk than others. In other cases the hazardousness of an
occupation is influenced by the conditions under which it is
performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or safety or health
hazards in the surrounding area. In these situations,
employees should be trained not only on how to perform their
job safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous
environment.
A second method of identifying employee populations at high
levels of risk is to examine the incidence of accidents and
injuries, both within the company and within the industry.
If employees in certain occupational categories are
experiencing higher accident and injury rates than other
employees, training may be one way to reduce that rate. In
addition, thorough accident investigation
can identify not only specific employees who could benefit
from training but also identify company-wide training needs.
Research has identified the following variables as being
related to a disproportionate share of injuries and
illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees:
- The age of the employee (younger employees have
higher incidence rates).
- The length of time on the job (new employees have
higher incidence rates).
- The size of the firm (in general terms, medium-size
firms have higher incidence rates than smaller or larger
firms).
- The type of work performed (incidence and severity
rates vary significantly by SIC Code).
- The use of hazardous substances (by SIC Code).
These variables should be considered
when identifying employee groups for training in
occupational safety and health. In summary, information is
readily available to help employers identify which employees
should receive safety and health information, education and
training, and who should receive it before others. Employers
can request assistance in obtaining information by
contacting such organizations as OSHA Area Offices, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, OSHA-approved State programs,
State onsite consultation programs, the OSHA Office of
Training and Education, or local safety councils.
Training Employees at Risk
Determining the content of training for employee populations
at higher levels of risk is similar to determining what any
employee needs to know, but more emphasis is placed on the
requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One
useful tool for determining training content from job
requirements is the Job Hazard Analysis described earlier.
This procedure examines each step of a job, identifies
existing or potential hazards, and determines the best way
to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the
hazards. Its key elements are: (1) job description; (2) job
location; (3) key steps (preferably in the order in which
they are performed); (4) tools, machines and materials used;
(5) actual and potential safety and health hazards
associated with these key job steps; and (6) safe and
healthful practices, apparel, and equipment required for
each job step.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) can also provide
information for training employees in the safe use of
materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical
manufacturers and importers, are supplied with manufacturing
or construction materials and describe the ingredients of a
product, its hazards, protective equipment to be used, safe
handling procedures, and emergency first-aid responses. The
information contained in these sheets can help employers
identify employees in need of training (i.e., workers
handling substances described in the sheets) and train
employees in safe use of the substances. Material Safety
Data Sheets are generally available from suppliers,
manufacturers of the substance, large employers who use the
substance on a regular basis, or they can be developed by
employers or trade associations. MSDS are particularly
useful for those employers who are developing training on
chemical use as required by OSHA's Hazard Communication
Standard.
CONCLUSION
In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational
health and safety training activities, OSHA has developed a
set of training guidelines in the form of a model. This
model is designed to help employers develop instructional
programs as part of their total education and training
effort. The model addresses the questions of who should be
trained, on what topics, and for what purposes. It also
helps employers determine how effective the program has been
and enables them to identify employees who are in greatest
need of education and training. The model is general enough
to be used in any area of occupational safety and health
training, and allows employers to determine for themselves
the content and format of training. Use of this model in
training activities is just one of many ways that employers
can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training
and enhance the safety and health of their employees.
|
Construction
Training Requirements
29 CFR Part 1926
|
Subpart C |
General Safety and Health
Provisions
General Safety and Health Provisions
Safety Training and Education |
|
|
|
Subpart D |
Occupational Health and
Environmental Controls
Medical Services and First Aid
Ionizing Radiation
Nonionizing Radiation
Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists
Asbestos
Hazard Communication, Construction
Lead in Construction
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous
Chemicals |
|
|
|
Subpart E |
Personal Protective and
Life-Saving Equipment
Hearing Protection
Respiratory Protection |
|
|
|
Subpart F |
Fire Protection and Prevention
Fire Protection |
|
|
|
Subpart G |
Signs, Signals, and Barricades
Signaling |
|
|
|
Subpart I |
Tools-Hand and Power
Powder-Operated Hand Tools
Woodworking Tools |
|
|
|
Subpart J |
Welding and Cutting
Gas Welding and Cutting
Arc Welding and Cutting
Fire Prevention
Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative
Coatings |
|
|
|
Subpart K |
Electrical
Ground-Fault Protection |
|
|
|
Subpart L |
Scaffolding
Scaffolding
Guarding of Low-Pitched Roof Perimeters During the
Performance of Built-Up Roofing Work
Fall Protection |
|
|
|
Subpart N |
Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Elevators, and Conveyors
Cranes and Derricks
Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators |
|
|
|
Subpart O |
Motor Vehicles, Mechanized
Equipment, and Marine Operations
Material Handling Equipment
Site Clearing |
|
|
|
Subpart P |
Excavations
General Protection Requirements (Excavations,
Trenching, and Shoring) |
|
|
|
Subpart Q |
Concrete and Masonry Construction
Concrete and Masonry Construction |
|
|
|
Subpart R |
Steel Erection
Bolting, Riveting, Fitting-Up, and Plumbing-Up |
|
|
|
Subpart S |
Underground Construction,
Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air
Underground Construction
Compressed Air |
|
|
|
Subpart T |
Demolition
Preparatory Operations
Chutes
Mechanical Demolition |
|
|
|
Subpart U |
Blasting and Use of Explosives
General Provisions (Blasting and Use of Explosives)
Blaster Qualifications
Surface Transportation of Explosives
Firing the Blast |
|
|
|
Subpart V |
Power Transmission and
Distribution
General Requirements
Overhead Lines
Underground Lines
Construction in Energized Substations
Ladders |
|
Construction Training Requirements |
The
following training requirements have been excerpted from
Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1926. Note
that in addition to these requirements, Part 1910,
relating to general industry, also contains applicable
training standards.
General Safety and Health Provisions
1926.20(b)(2) and (4)
(2) Such programs [as may be
necessary to comply with this part] shall provide for
frequent and regular inspections of the job sites,
materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons
[capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in
the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who have
authorization to take prompt corrective measures to
eliminate them designated by the employers.]
(4) The employer shall permit only
those employees qualified [one who, by possession of a
recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or
who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has
successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve
problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the
project] by training or experience to operate equipment and
machinery.
Safety Training and
Education
1926.21(a)
(a) General
requirements. The Secretary shall, pursuant to
section 107(f) of the Act, establish and supervise programs
for the education and training of employers and employees in
the recognition, avoidance and prevention of unsafe
conditions in employments covered by the Act.
1926.21(b)(1) through (6)(i) and (ii)
(1) The employer should avail
himself of the safety and health training programs the
Secretary provides.
(2) The employer shall instruct
each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe
conditions and the regulations applicable to his work
environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other
exposure to illness or injury.
(3) Employees required to handle
or use poisons, caustics, and other harmful substances shall
be instructed regarding their safe handling and use, and be
made aware of the potential hazards, personal hygiene, and
personal protective measures required.
(4) In job site areas where
harmful plants or animals are present, employees who may be
exposed shall be instructed regarding the potential hazards
and how to avoid injury, and the first aid procedures to be
used in the event of injury.
(5) Employees required to handle
or use flammable liquids, gases, or toxic materials shall be
instructed in the safe handling and use of these materials
and made aware of the specific requirements contained in
Subparts D, F, and other applicable subparts of this part.
(6)(i) All employees required to
enter into confined or enclosed spaces shall be instructed
as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary
precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and
emergency equipment required. The employer shall comply with
any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous or
potentially dangerous areas.
(ii) For purposes of subdivision
(i) of this subparagraph,
"confined or enclosed space" means any space having a
limited means of egress, which is subject to the
accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has an
oxygen deficient atmosphere. Confined or enclosed spaces
include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts,
sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and
open top spaces more than 4 feet in depth such as pits,
tubs, vaults, and vessels.
Medical Services
and First Aid
1926.50(c)
(c) In the absence of an
infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician that is reasonably
accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite
which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a
person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training
from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or
equivalent training that can be verified by documentary
evidence, shall be available at the worksite to render first
aid.
Ionizing Radiation
1926.53(b)
(b) Any activity which involves
the use of radioactive materials or X-rays, whether or not
under license from the Atomic Energy Commission [Nuclear
Regulatory Commission] shall be performed by competent
persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation
of such equipment. In the case of materials used under
Commission license, only persons actually licensed, or
competent persons under the direction and supervision of the
licensee, shall perform such work.
Nonionizing
Radiation
1926.54(a) and (b)
(a) Only qualified and trained
employees shall be assigned to install, adjust and operate
laser equipment.
(b) Proof of qualification of the
laser equipment operator shall be available and in
possession of the operator at all times.
Gases, Vapors, Fumes,
Dusts, and Mists
1926.55(b)
(b) To achieve compliance with
paragraph (a) of this section,
administrative or engineering controls must first be
implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not
feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or
other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure
of employees to air contaminants within the limits
prescribed in this section. Any equipment and technical
measures used for this purpose must first be approved for
each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or
other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are
used, their use shall comply with § 1926.103.
Asbestos
1926.58(k)(3)(i) through (iii) (A)
through (E) and (4)(i) and (ii)
(i) The employer shall institute a
training program for all employees exposed to airborne
concentrations of asbestos, in excess of the action level
and/or excursion limit and shall ensure their participation
in the program.
(ii) Training shall be provided
prior to or at the time of initial assignment (unless the
employee has received equivalent training within the
previous 12 months) and at least annually thereafter.
(iii) The training program shall
be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to
understand. The employer shall ensure that each such
employee is informed of the following:
(A) Methods of recognizing
asbestos;
(B) The health effects associated
with asbestos exposure;
(C) The relationship between
smoking and asbestos in producing lung cancer;
(D) The nature of operations that
could result in exposure to asbestos, the importance of
necessary protective controls to minimize exposure
including, as applicable, engineering controls, work
practices, respirators, housekeeping procedures, hygiene
facilities, protective clothing, decontamination procedures,
emergency procedures, and waste disposal procedures, and any
necessary instruction in the use of these controls;
(E) The purpose, proper use,
fitting instructions and limitations of respirators as
required by 29 CFR 1910.134;
(4) Access to
training materials. (i) The employer shall
make readily available to all affected employees without
cost all written materials relating to the employee training
program, including a copy of this regulation.
(ii) The employer shall provide to
the Assistant Secretary and the Director, upon request, all
information and training materials relating to the employee
information and training program.
Hazard
Communication, Construction
1926.59(h)(2)(i) through (iv)
(2) Training.
Employee training should include at least:
(i) Methods and observations that
may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous
chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by
the employer, continuous monitoring devices, appearance or
odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.);
(ii) The physical and health
hazards of the chemicals in the work area;
(iii) The measures employees can
take to protect themselves from these hazards, including
specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect
employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as
appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and
personal protective equipment to be used; and,
(iv) The details of the hazard
communication program to be developed by the employer,
including an explanation of the labeling system and the
material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and
use the appropriate hazard information.
Lead in Construction
1926.62(l)(1)(i) through (iv); (2)(i)
through (viii) and (3)(i) and (ii)
(1) General.
(i) The employer shall communicate information
concerning lead hazards according to the requirements of
OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard for the construction
industry, 29 CFR 1926.59, including but not limited to the
requirements concerning warning signs and labels, material
safety data sheets (MSDS), and employee information and
training. In addition, employers shall comply with the
following requirements:
(ii) for all employees who are
subject to exposure to lead at or above the action level on
any day or who are subject to exposure to lead compounds
which may cause skin or eye irritation (e.g., lead arsenate,
lead azide), the program in accordance with paragraph
(l)(2) of this section and assure
employee participation.
(iii) The employer shall provide
the training program as initial training prior to the time
of job assignment or prior to the start up date for this
requirement, whichever comes last.
(iv) The employer shall also
provide the training program at least annually for each
employee who is subject to lead exposure at or above the
action level on any day.
(2) Training program.
The employer shall assure that each employee is trained in
the following:
(i) The content of this standard
and its appendices;
(ii) The specific nature of the
operations which could result in exposure to lead above the
action level;
(iii) The purpose, proper
selection, fitting, use, and limitations of respirators;
(iv) The purpose and a description
of the medical surveillance program, and the medical removal
protection program including information concerning the
adverse health effects associated with excessive exposure to
lead (with particular attention to the adverse reproductive
effects on both males and females and hazards to the fetus
and additional precautions for employees who are pregnant);
(v) The engineering controls and
work practices associated with the employee's job assignment
including training of employees to follow relevant good work
practices described in Appendix B of this section;
(vi) The contents of any
compliance plan in effect;
(vii) Instructions to employees
that chelating agents should not routinely be used to remove
lead from their bodies and should not be used at all except
under the direction of a licensed physician; and
(viii) The employee's right of
access to records under 29 CFR 1910.20.
(3) Access to
information and training materials. (i) The
employer shall make readily available to all affected
employees a copy of this standard and its appendices.
(ii) The employer shall provide,
upon request, all materials relating to the employee
information and training program to affected employees and
their designated representative, and to the Assistant
Secretary and the Director.
Process Safety
Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
1926.64(g)(1)(i) and (ii)
(i) Each employee presently
involved in operating a process, and each employee before
being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall
be trained in an overview of the process and in the
operating procedures as specified in paragraph (f) of this
section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific
safety and health hazards, emergency operations including
shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the
employee's job tasks.
(ii) In lieu of initial training
for those employees already involved in operating a process
on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the
employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities
to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as
specified in the operating procedures.
1926.64(g)(2)
(2) Refresher
training. Refresher training shall be provided
at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to
each employee involved in operating a process to assure that
the employee understands and adheres to the current
operating procedures of the process. The employer, in
consultation with the employees involved in operating the
process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of
refresher training.
1926.64(g)(3)
(3) Training
documentation. The employer shall ascertain
that each employee involved in operating a process has
received and understood the training required by this
paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which
contains the identity of the employee, the date of training,
and the means used to verify that the employee understood
the training.
Contract Employer
Responsibilities 1926.64(h)(3)(i) through (iv)
(i) The contract employer shall
assure that each contract employee is trained in the work
practices necessary to safely perform his/her job.
(ii) The contract employer shall
assure that each contract employee is instructed in the
known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards
related to his/her job and the process, and the applicable
provisions of the emergency action plan.
(iii) The contract employer shall
document that each contract employee has received and
understood the training required by this paragraph. The
contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the
identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and
the means used to verify that the employee understood the
training.
(iv) The contract employer shall
assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules
of the facility including the safe work practices required
by paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
Mechanical
Integrity 1926.64(j)(3)
(3) Training for
process maintenance activities. The employer
shall train each employee involved in maintaining the
on-going integrity of process equipment in an overview of
that process and its hazards and in the procedures
applicable to the employee's job tasks to assure that the
employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner.
Hearing Protection
1926.101(b)
(b) Ear protective devices
inserted in the ear shall be fitted or determined
individually by competent persons.
Respiratory
Protection
1926.103(c)(1)
(1) Employees required to use
respiratory protective equipment approved for use in
atmospheres immediately dangerous to life shall be
thoroughly trained in its use. Employees required to use
other types of respiratory protective equipment shall be
instructed in the use and limitations of such equipment.
Fire Protection
1926.150(a)(5)
(5) As warranted by the project,
the employer shall provide a trained and equipped
firefighting organization (Fire Brigade) to assure adequate
protection to life. "Fire brigade" means an organized group
of employees that are knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in
the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations
and in assisting in firefighting operations.
1926.150(c)(1)(viii)
(viii) Portable fire extinguishers
shall be inspected periodically and maintained in accordance
with Maintenance and Use of Portable
Fire Extinguishers, NFPA No. l0A-1970.
From ANSI Standard 10A- 1970. "The owner or occupant of a
property in which fire extinguishers are located has an
obligation for the care and use of these extinguishers at
all times. By doing so, he is contributing to the protection
of life and property. The nameplate(s) and instruction
manual should be read and thoroughly understood by all
persons who may be expected to use extinguishers.
"1120. To discharge this obligation he should give proper
attention to the inspection, maintenance, and recharging of
this fire protective equipment. He should also train his
personnel in the correct use of fire extinguishers on the
different types of fires which may occur on his property.
"3020. Persons responsible for performing maintenance
operations come from three major groups:
"Trained industrial safety or maintenance personnel.
"Extinguisher service agencies.
"Individual owners (e.g., self-employed . . .)."
Signaling
1926.201(a)(2)
(2) Signaling directions by
flagmen shall conform to American National Standards
Institute D6.1 - 1971, Manual on
Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways.
Powder-Operated Hand
Tools
1926.302(e)(1) and (12)
(1) Only employees who have been
trained in the operation of the particular tool in use shall
be allowed to operate a powder-actuated tool.
(12) Powder-actuated tools used by
employees shall meet all other applicable requirements of
American National Standards Institute, A10.3-1970,
Safety Requirements for
Explosive-Actuated Fastening Tools.
Woodworking
Tools
1926.304(f)
(f) Other
requirements. All woodworking tools and
machinery shall meet other applicable requirements of
American National Standards Institute, 01.1-1961,
Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery.
From ANSI Standard 01.1-1961, Selection and Training of
Operators. Before a worker is permitted to operate any
woodworking machine, he shall receive instructions in the
hazards of the machine and the safe method of its operation.
Refer to A9.7 of the Appendix.
"A9.7 Selection and Training of Operators. Operation of
Machines, Tools, and Equipment. General.
"(1) Learn the machine's
applications and limitations, as well as the specific
potential hazards peculiar to this machine. Follow available
operating instructions and safety rules carefully.
"(2) Keep working area clean and
be sure adequate lighting is available.
"(3) Do not wear loose clothing,
gloves, bracelets, necklaces, or ornaments. Wear face, eye,
ear, respiratory, and body protection devices, as indicated
for the operation or environment.
"(4) Do not use cutting tools
larger or heavier than the machine is designed to
accommodate. Never operate a cutting tool at greater speed
than recommended.
"(5) Keep hands well away from saw
blades and other cutting tools. Use a push stock or push
block to hold or guide the work when working close to
cutting tool.
"(6) Whenever possible, use
properly locked clamps, jig, or vise to hold the work.
"(7) Combs (feather boards) shall
be provided for use when an applicable guard cannot be used.
"(8) Never stand directly in line
with a horizontally rotating cutting tool. This is
particularly true when first starting a new tool, or a new
tool is initially installed on the arbor.
"(9) Be sure the power is
disconnected from the machine before tools are serviced.
"(10) Never leave the machine with
the power on.
"(11) Be positive that hold-downs
and antikickback devices are positioned properly, and that
the workpiece is being fed through the cutting tool in the
right direction.
"(12) Do not use a dull, gummy,
bent, or cracked cutting tool.
"(13) Be sure that keys and
adjusting wrenches have been removed before turning power
on.
"(14) Use only accessories
designed for the machine.
"(15) Adjust the machine for
minimum exposure of cutting tool necessary to perform the
operation."
Gas Welding and Cutting
1926.350(d)(1) through (6)
(d) Use of fuel gas.
The employer shall thoroughly instruct employees in the safe
use of fuel gas as follows:
(1) Before a regulator to a
cylinder valve is connected, the valve shall be opened
slightly and closed immediately. (This action is generally
termed "cracking" and is intended to clear the valve of dust
or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator.) The
person cracking the valve shall stand to one side of the
outlet, not in front of it. The valve of a fuel gas cylinder
shall not be cracked where the gas would reach welding work,
sparks, flame, or other possible sources of ignition.
(2) The cylinder valve shall
always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator.
For quick closing, valves on fuel gas cylinders shall not be
opened more than 1-1/2 turns. When a special wrench is
required, it shall be left in position on the stem of the
valve while the cylinder is in use so that the fuel gas flow
can be shut off quickly in case of an emergency. In the case
of manifolded or coupled cylinders, at least one such wrench
shall always be available for immediate use. Nothing shall
be placed on top of a fuel gas cylinder, when in use, which
may damage the safety device or interfere with the quick
closing of the valve.
(3) Fuel gas shall not be used
from cylinders through torches or other devices which are
equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the pressure
through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve
or manifold.
(4) Before a regulator is removed
from a cylinder valve, the cylinder valve shall always be
closed and the gas released from the regulator.
(5) If, when the valve on a fuel
gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around
the valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut
tightened. If this action does not stop the leak, the use of
the cylinder shall be discontinued, and it shall be properly
tagged and removed from the work area. In the event that
fuel gas should leak from the cylinder valve, rather than
from the valve stem, and the gas cannot be shut off, the
cylinder shall be properly tagged and removed from the work
area. If a regulator attached to a cylinder valve will
effectively stop a leak through the valve seat, the cylinder
need not be removed from the work area.
(6) If a leak should develop at a
fuse plug or other safety device, the cylinder shall be
removed from the work area.
1926.350(j)
(j) Additional rules.
For Additional details not covered in this subpart,
applicable technical portions of American National Standards
Institute, Z49.1-1967, Safety in
Welding and Cutting, shall apply.
From ANSI Standard Z49.1-1967, Fire Watch Duties. Fire
watchers shall be trained in the use of fire extinguishing
equipment. They shall be familiar with facilities for
sounding an alarm in the event of a fire. They shall watch
for fires in all exposed areas, try to extinguish them only
when obviously within the capacity of the equipment
available, or otherwise sound the alarm. A fire watch shall
be maintained for at least a half hour after completion of
welding or cutting operations to detect and extinguish
possible smoldering fires."
Arc Welding and Cutting
1926.351(d)(1) through (5)
(d) Operating
instructions. Employers shall instruct
employees in the safe means of arc welding and cutting as
follows:
(1) When electrode holders are to
be left unattended, the electrodes shall be removed and the
holders shall be so placed or protected that they cannot
make electrical contact with employees or conducting
objects.
(2) Hot electrode holders shall
not be dipped in water; to do so may expose the arc welder
or cutter to electric shock.
(3) When the arc welder or cutter
has occasion to leave his work or to stop work for any
appreciable length of time, or when the arc welding or
cutting machine is to be moved, the power supply switch to
the equipment shall be opened.
(4) Any faulty or defective
equipment shall be reported to the supervisor.
(5) Other requirements, as
outlined in Article 630, National
Electrical Code, NFPA 70-1971; ANSI C1-1971 (Rev. of
1968), Electric Welders, shall
be used when applicable.
Fire Prevention
1926.352(e)
(e) When the welding, cutting, or
heating operation is such that normal fire prevention
precautions are not sufficient, additional personnel shall
be assigned to guard against fire while the actual welding,
cutting, or heating operation is being performed, and for a
sufficient period of time after completion of the work to
ensure that no possibility of fire exists. Such personnel
shall be instructed as to the specific anticipated fire
hazards and how the firefighting equipment provided is to be
used.
Welding,
Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings
1926.354(a)
(a) Before welding, cutting, or
heating is commenced on any surface covered by a
preservative coating whose flammability is not known, a test
shall be made by a competent person to determine its
flammability. Preservative coatings shall be considered to
be highly flammable when scrapings burn with extreme
rapidity.
Ground-Fault
Protection
1926.404(b)(iii)(B)
(iii)(B) The employer shall
designate one or more competent persons [as defined in §
1926.32(f)] to implement the program.
Scaffolding
1926.451(a)(3)
(3) No scaffold shall be erected,
moved, dismantled, or altered except under the supervision
of competent persons.
1926.451(b)(16)
(16) All wood pole scaffolds 60
feet or less in height shall be constructed and erected in
accordance with Tables L-4 to 10. If they are over 60 feet
in height, they shall be designed by a qualified engineer
competent in this field, and it shall be constructed and
erected in accordance with such design.
1926.451(c)(4) and (5)
(4) Tube and coupler scaffolds
shall be limited in heights and working levels to those
permitted in Tables L- 10, 11, and 12. Drawings and
specifications of all tube and coupler scaffolds above the
limitations in Tables L- 10, 11, and 12 shall be designed by
a qualified engineer competent in this field.
(5) All tube and coupler scaffolds
shall be constructed and erected to support four times the
maximum intended loads, as set forth in Tables L- 10, 11,
and 12, or as set forth in the specifications by a licensed
professional engineer competent in this field.
1926.451(d)(9)
(9) Drawings and specifications
for all frame scaffolds over 125 feet in height above the
base plates shall be designed by a registered professional
engineer.
1926.451(g)(3)
(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are
designed by a registered professional engineer competent in
this field, they shall be constructed and erected in
accordance with Table L-13. Outrigger scaffolds, designed by
a registered professional engineer, shall be constructed and
erected in accordance with such design.
1926.451(h)(6) and (14)
(h) Masons'
adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffolds. (6)
Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams
shall be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams and be
installed under the supervision of a competent person.
(14) Each scaffold shall be
installed or relocated under the supervision of a competent
person.
1926.451(k)(10)
(k) Single-point
adjustable suspension scaffolds. (10) For
additional details not covered in this paragraph, applicable
technical portions of American National Standards Institute,
A120.1-1970, Power-Operated Devices for
Exterior Building Maintenance Powered Platforms,
shall be used.
From ANSI Standard A120.1-1970, "Qualified Operators.
Powered platform shall be operated only by qualified persons
who have been instructed in the operation and in the
inspection, with respect to safe operating condition of the
particular powered platform to be operated."
Guarding of
Low-Pitched Roof Perimeters During the Performance of
Built-Up Roofing Work
1926.500(g)(6)(i) and (ii)(a) through (f)
and (iii)
(6) Training.
(i) The employer shall provide a training program for
all employees engaged in built-up roofing work so that they
are able to recognize and deal with the hazards of falling
associated with working near a roof perimeter. The employees
shall also be trained in the safety procedures to be
followed in order to prevent such falls.
(ii) The employer shall assure
that employees engaged in built-up roofing work have been
trained and instructed in the following areas:
(a) The nature of fall hazards in
the work area near a roof edge;
(b) The function, use, and
operation of the MSS system, warning line, and safety
monitoring systems to be used;
(c) The correct procedures for
erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the systems to be
used;
(d) The role of each employee in
the safety monitoring system when this system is used;
(e) The limitations on the use of
mechanical equipment; and
(f) The correct procedures for the
handling and storage of equipment and materials.
(iii) Training shall be provided
for each newly hired employee, and for all other employees
as necessary, to assure that employees maintain proficiency
in the areas listed in paragraph
(g)(6)(ii) of this section.
Fall Protection
1926.503(a)(1) and (2)(i) through (vii)
(a) Training program.
(1) The employer shall provide a
training program for each employee who might be exposed to
fall hazards. The program shall enable each employee to
recognize the hazards of falling and shall train each
employee in the procedures to be followed in order to
minimize these hazards.
(2) The employer shall ensure that
each employee has been trained, as necessary, by a competent
person qualified in the following areas:
(i) The nature of fall hazards in
the work area;
(ii) The correct procedures for
erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the
fall protection systems to be used;
(iii) The use and operation of
guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net
systems, warning line systems, safety monitoring systems,
controlled access zones, and other protection to be used;
(iv) The role of each employee in
the safety monitoring system when this system is used;
(v) The limitations on the use of
mechanical equipment during the performance of roofing work
on low-sloped roofs;
(vi) The correct procedures for
the handling and storage of equipment and materials and the
erection of overhead protection; and
(vii) The standards contained in
this subpart.
Cranes and Derricks
1926.550(a)(1), (5), and (6)
(1) The employer shall comply with
the manufacturer's specifications and limitations applicable
to the operation of any and all cranes and derricks. Where
manufacturer's specifications are not available, the
limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on the
determinations of a qualified engineer competent in this
field and such determinations will be appropriately
documented and recorded. Attachments used with cranes shall
not exceed the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the
manufacturer.
(5) The employer shall designate a
competent person who shall inspect all machinery and
equipment prior to each use, and during use, to make sure it
is in safe operating condition. Any deficiencies shall be
repaired, or defective parts replaced, before continued use.
(6) A thorough, annual inspection
of the hoisting machinery shall be made by a competent
person, or by a government or private agency recognized by
the U.S. Department of Labor. The employer shall maintain a
record of the dates and results of inspections for each
hoisting machine and piece of equipment.
1926.550(g)(4)(i)(A)
(4) Personnel
platforms (i) Design criteria.
(A) The personnel platform and suspension system
shall be designed by a qualified engineer or a qualified
person competent in structural design.
1926.550(g)(5)(iv)
(iv) A visual inspection of the
crane or derrick, rigging, personnel platform, and the crane
or derrick base support or ground shall be conducted by a
competent person immediately after the trial lift to
determine whether the testing has exposed any defect or
produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.
Material Hoists,
Personnel Hoists, and Elevators
1926.552(a)(1)
(1) The employer shall comply with
the manufacturer's specifications and limitations applicable
to the operation of all hoists and elevators. Where
manufacturer's specifications are not available, the
limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on the
determinations of a professional engineer competent in the
field.
1926.552(b)(7)
(7) All material hoist towers
shall be designed by a licensed professional engineer.
1926.552(c)(15) and (17)(i)
(c) Personnel hoists.
(15) Following assembly and erection of hoists, and
before being put in service, an inspection and test of all
functions and safety devices shall be made under the
supervision of a competent person. A similar inspection and
test is required following major alteration of an existing
installation. All hoists shall be inspected and tested at
not more than 3-month intervals. Records shall be maintained
and kept on file for the duration of the job.
(17)(i) Personnel hoists used in
bridge tower construction shall be approved by a registered
professional engineer and erected under the supervision of a
qualified engineer competent in this field.
Material
Handling Equipment
1926.602(c)(1)(vi)
(c) Lifting and hauling equipment
(other than equipment covered under Subpart N of this part).
(1)(vi) All industrial trucks in
use shall meet the applicable requirements of design,
construction, stability, inspection, testing, maintenance,
and operation, as defined in American National Standards
Institute B56.1-1969, Safety Standards
for Powered Industrial Trucks.
From ANSI Standard B56.1-1969, "Operator Training. Only
trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to
operate a powered industrial truck. Methods shall be devised
to train operators in the safe operation of powered
industrial trucks. Badges or other visual indication of the
operators' authorization should be displayed at all times
during work period."
Site Clearing
1926.604(a)(1)
(1) Employees engaged in site
clearing shall be protected from hazards of irritant and
toxic plants and suitably instructed in the first-aid
treatment available.
Excavations -
General Protection
Requirements (Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring)
1926.651(c)(1)(i)
(c) Access and
egress (1) Structural ramps.
(i) Structural ramps that are used solely by
employees as a means of access or egress from excavations
shall be designed by a competent person. Structural ramps
used for access or egress of equipment shall be designed by
a competent person qualified in structural design, and shall
be constructed in accordance with the design.
1926.651(h)(2) and (3)
(h) Protection from
hazards associated with water accumulation. (2)
If water is controlled or prevented from accumulating by the
use of water removal equipment, the water removal equipment
and operations shall be monitored by a competent person to
ensure proper operation.
(3) If excavation work interrupts
the natural drainage of surface water (such as streams),
diversion ditches, dikes, or other suitable means shall be
used to prevent surface water from entering the excavation
and to provide adequate drainage of the area adjacent to the
excavation. Excavations subject to runoff from heavy rains
will require an inspection by a competent person and
compliance with paragraphs (h)(1)
and (h)(2) of this section.
1926.651(i)(1)
(i) Stability of
adjacent structures. (1) Where the stability
of adjoining buildings, walls, or other structures is
endangered by excavation operations, support systems such as
shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be provided to
ensure the stability of such structures for the protection
of employees.
1926.651(i)(2)(iii)
(iii) A registered professional
engineer has approved the determination that the structure
is sufficiently removed from the excavation so as to be
unaffected by the excavation activity; or
1926.651(i)(2)(iv)
(iv) A registered professional
engineer has approved the determination that such excavation
work will not pose a hazard to employees.
1926.651(k)(1) and (2)
(k) Inspections.
(1) Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent
areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent
person for evidence of a situation that could result in
possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective
systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous
conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the
competent person prior to the start of work and as needed
throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after
every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These
inspections are only required when employee exposure can be
reasonably anticipated.
(2) Where the competent person
finds evidence of a situation that could result in a
possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective
systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous
conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the
hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been
taken to ensure their safety.
Concrete and
Masonry Construction
1926.701(a)
(a) No construction loads shall be
placed on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete
structure unless the employer determines, based on
information received from a person, who is qualified in
structural design, that the structure or portion of the
structure is capable of supporting the loads.
1926.703(b)(8)(i)
(i) The design of the shoring
shall be prepared by a qualified designer and the erected
shoring shall be inspected by an engineer qualified in
structural design.
Bolting, Riveting,
Fitting-Up, and Plumbing-Up
1926.752(d)(4)
(4) Plumbing-up guys shall be
removed only under the supervision of a competent person.
Underground Construction
1926.800(d)
(d) Safety
instruction. All employees shall be instructed
in the recognition and avoidance of hazards associated with
underground construction activities including, where
appropriate, the following subjects:
(1) Air monitoring;
(2) Ventilation;
(3) Illumination;
(4) Communications;
(5) Flood control;
(6) Mechanical equipment;
(7) Personal protective equipment;
(8) Explosives
(9) Fire prevention and
protection; and
(10) Emergency procedures,
including evacuation plans and check-in/check-out systems.
1926.800(g)(2)
(g) Emergency
provisions (2) Self-rescuers.
The employer shall provide self-rescuers having current
approval from the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration to
be immediately available to all employees at work stations
in underground areas where employees might be trapped by
smoke or gas. The selection, issuance, use, and care of
respirators shall be in accordance with paragraphs
(b) and (c)
of 1926.103.
1926.800(g)(5) (iii) through (v)
(g) Emergency
provisions. (5)
Rescue teams. (iii) Rescue team
members shall be qualified in rescue procedures, the use and
limitations of breathing apparatus, and the use of
firefighting equipment. Qualifications shall be reviewed not
less than annually.
(iv) On jobsites where flammable
or noxious gases are encountered or anticipated in hazardous
quantities, rescue team members shall practice donning and
using self-contained breathing apparatus monthly.
(v) The employer shall ensure that
rescue teams are familiar with conditions at the jobsite.
1926.800(j)(1)(i)(A)
(j) Air quality and
monitoring. (1) General
(i)(A) The employer shall assign a competent person
who shall perform all air monitoring required by this
section.
(B) Where this paragraph requires
monitoring of airborne contaminants "as often as necessary,"
the competent person shall make a reasonable determination
as to which substances to monitor and how frequently to
monitor taking into consideration: location of jobsite;
geology of the jobsite; presence of air contaminants in
nearby jobsites and changes in levels of substances
monitored on prior shifts; and, work practices and jobsite
conditions including use of diesel engines, explosives, fuel
gas, volume and flow of ventilation, visible atmospheric
conditions, decompression of the atmosphere, welding,
cutting, and hot work, and employees' physical reactions to
working underground.
1926.800(j)(1)(vi) (A) and (B)
(1) Air quality and
monitoring. (1) General
(vi) When the competent person determines, on the
basis of air monitoring results or other information, that
air contaminants may be present in sufficient quantity to be
dangerous to life, the employer shall:
(A) Prominently post a notice at
all entrances to the underground jobsite to inform all
entrants of the hazardous condition; and
(B) Ensure that the necessary
precautions are taken.
1926.800(o)(3)(i)(A)
(o) Ground support
(3) Underground areas (i)(A)
A competent person shall inspect the roof, face, and walls
of the work area at the start of each shift and as often as
necessary to determine ground stability.
1926.800(o)(3)(iv)(B)
(o) Ground support
(3) Underground areas (iv)(B)
A competent person shall determine whether rock bolts meet
the necessary torque, and shall determine the testing
frequency in light of the bolt system, ground conditions,
and the distance from vibration sources.
1926.800(t)(3)(xix) and (xx)
(t) Hoisting unique
to underground construction. (3)
Additional requirements for hoists. (xix) A
competent person shall visually check all hoisting
machinery, equipment, anchorages, and hoisting rope at the
beginning of each shift during hoist use, as necessary.
(xx) Each safety device shall be
checked by a competent person at least weekly during hoist
use to ensure suitable operation and safe condition.
Compressed Air
1926.803(a)(1) and (2)
(1) There shall be present, at all
times, at least one competent person designated by and
representing the employer, who shall be familiar with this
subpart in all respects, and responsible for full compliance
with these and other applicable subparts.
(2) Every employee shall be
instructed in the rules and regulations which concern his
safety or the safety of others.
1926.803(b)(1) and (10)(xii)
(1) There shall be retained one or
more licensed physicians familiar with and experienced in
the physical requirements and the medical aspects of
compressed air work and the treatment of decompression
illness. He shall be available at all times while work is in
progress in order to provide medical supervision of
employees employed in compressed air work. He shall himself
be physically qualified and be willing to enter a
pressurized environment.
(10) The medical lock shall:
(xii) Be in constant charge of an
attendant under the direct control of the retained
physician. The attendant shall be trained in the use of the
lock and suitably instructed regarding steps to be taken in
the treatment of employee exhibiting symptoms compatible
with a diagnosis of decompression illness.
1926.803(e)(1)
(1) Every employee going under air
pressure for the first time shall be instructed on how to
avoid excessive discomfort.
1926.803(f)(2) and (3)
(2) In the event it is necessary
for an employee to be in compressed air more than once in a
24-hour period, the appointed physician shall be responsible
for the establishment of methods and procedures of
decompression applicable to repetitive exposures.
(3) If decanting is necessary, the
appointed physician shall establish procedures before any
employee is permitted to be decompressed by decanting
methods. The period of time that the employees spend at
atmospheric pressure between the decompression following the
shift and recompression shall not exceed 5 minutes.
1926.803(h)(1)
(1) At all times there shall be a
thoroughly experienced, competent, and reliable person on
duty at the air control valves as a gauge tender who shall
regulate the pressure in the working areas. During tunneling
operations, one gauge tender may regulate the pressure in
not more than two headings: Provided, that the gauge and
controls are all in one location. In caisson work, there
shall be a gauge tender for each caisson.
Preparatory
Operations
1926.850(a)
(a) Prior to permitting employees
to start demolition operations, an engineering survey shall
be made, by a competent person, of the structure to
determine the condition of the framing, floors, and walls,
and possibility of unplanned collapse of any portion of the
structure. Any adjacent structure where employees may be
exposed shall also be similarly checked. The employer shall
have in writing evidence that such a survey has been
performed.
Chutes
1926.852(c)
(c) A substantial gate shall be
installed in each chute at or near the discharge end. A
competent employee shall be assigned to control the
operation of the gate, and the backing and loading of
trucks.
Mechanical
Demolition
1926.859(g)
(g) During demolition, continuing
inspections by a competent person shall be made as the work
progresses to detect hazards resulting from weakened or
deteriorated floors, or walls, or loosened material. No
employee shall be permitted to work where such hazards exist
until they are corrected by shoring, bracing, or other
effective means.
General
Provisions (Blasting and Use of Explosives)
1926.900(a)
(a) The employer shall permit only
authorized and qualified persons to handle and use
explosives.
1926.900(k)(3)(i)
(i) The prominent display of
adequate signs, warning against the use of mobile radio
transmitters, on all roads within 1,000 feet of blasting
operations. Whenever adherence to the 1,000-foot distance
would create an operational handicap, a competent person
shall be consulted to evaluate the particular situation, and
alternative provisions may be made which are adequately
designed to prevent any premature firing of electric
blasting caps. A description of any such alternatives shall
be reduced to writing and shall be certified as meeting the
purposes of this subdivision by the competent person
consulted. The description shall be maintained at the
construction site during the duration of the work, and shall
be available for inspection by representatives of the
Secretary of Labor.
1926.900(q)
(q) All loading and firing shall
be directed and supervised by competent persons thoroughly
experienced in this field.
Blaster
Qualifications
1926.901(c), (d), and (e)
(c) A blaster shall be qualified,
by reason of training, knowledge, or experience, in the
field of transporting, storing, handling, and use of
explosives, and have a working knowledge of State and local
laws and regulations which pertain to explosives.
(d) Blasters shall be required to
furnish satisfactory evidence of competency in handling
explosives and performing in a safe manner the type of
blasting that will be required.
(e) The blaster shall be
knowledgeable and competent in the use of each type of
blasting method used.
Surface
Transportation of Explosives
1926.902(b) and (i)
(b) Motor vehicles or conveyances
transporting explosives shall only be driven by, and be in
the charge of, a licensed driver who is physically fit. He
shall be familiar with the local, State, and Federal
regulations governing the transportation of explosives.
(i) Each vehicle used for
transportation of explosives shall be equipped with a fully
charged fire extinguisher, in good condition. An
Underwriters Laboratory-approved extinguisher of not less
than 10-ABC rating will meet the minimum requirement. The
driver shall be trained in the use of the extinguisher on
his vehicle.
Firing the Blast
1926.909(a)
(a) A code of blasting signals
equivalent to Table U- 1, shall be posted on one or more
conspicuous places at the operation, and all employees shall
be required to familiarize themselves with the code and
conform to it. Danger signs shall be placed at suitable
locations.
|
| Table U-
1 |
WARNING SIGNAL-A
1-minute series of long blasts 5 minutes prior to
blast signal.
BLAST SIGNAL-A series of short blasts 1 minute prior
to the shot.
ALL CLEAR SIGNAL-A prolonged blast following the
inspection of blast area. |
|
General Requirements
(Power Transmission and Distribution)
1926.950(d)(1)(ii)(a) through (c), (vi), and (vii)
(1) When deenergizing lines and
equipment operated in excess of 600 volts, and the means of
disconnecting from electric energy is not visibly open or
visibly locked out, the provisions of subdivisions (i)
through (vii) of this subparagraph shall be complied with:
(ii) Notification and assurance
from the designated employee [a qualified person delegated
to perform specific duties under the conditions existing]
shall be obtained that:
(a) All switches and disconnectors
through which electric energy may be supplied to the
particular section of line or equipment to be worked have
been deenergized;
(b) All switches and disconnectors
are plainly tagged indicating that men are at work;
(c) And that where design of such
switches and disconnectors permits, they have been rendered
inoperable.
(vi) When more than one
independent crew requires the same line or equipment to be
deenergized, a prominent tag for each such independent crew
shall be placed on the line or equipment by the designated
employee in charge.
(vii) Upon completion of work on
deenergized lines or equipment, each designated employee in
charge shall determine that all employees in his crew are
clear, that protective grounds installed by his crew have
been removed, and he shall report to the designated
authority that all tags protecting his crew may be removed.
1926.950(d)(2)(ii)
(2) When a crew working on a line
or equipment can clearly see that the means of disconnecting
from electric energy are visibly open or visibly locked-out,
the provisions of subdivisions (i)
and (ii) of this paragraph shall
apply:
(ii) Upon completion of work on
deenergized lines or equipment, each designated employee in
charge shall determine that all employees in his crew are
clear, that protective grounds installed by his crew have
been removed, and he shall report to the designated
authority that all tags protecting his crew may be removed.
1926.950(e)(1)(i) and (ii) and (2)
(1) The employer shall provide
training or require that his employees are knowledgeable and
proficient in:
(i) Procedures involving emergency
situations, and
(ii) First-aid fundamentals
including resuscitation.
(2) In lieu of subparagraph
(1) of this paragraph the employer
may comply with the provisions of § 1926.50(c) regarding
first-aid requirements.
Overhead Lines
1926.955(b)(3)(i)
(3)(i) A designated employee shall
be used in directing mobile equipment adjacent to footing
excavations.
1926.955(b)(8) and (d)(1)
(8) A designated employee shall be
utilized to determine that required clearance is maintained
in moving equipment under or near energized lines.
(d) Stringing
adjacent to energized lines. (1) Prior to
stringing parallel to an existing energized transmission
line a competent determination shall be made to ascertain
whether dangerous induced voltage buildups will occur,
particularly during switching and ground fault conditions.
When there is a possibility that such dangerous induced
voltage may exist the employer shall comply with the
provisions of subparagraphs (2)
through (9) of this paragraph in
addition to the provisions of paragraph
(c) of this § 1926.955, unless the line is worked as
energized.
1926.955(e)(1) and (4)
(1) Employees shall be instructed
and trained in the live-line bare-hand technique and the
safety requirements pertinent thereto before being permitted
to use the technique on energized circuits.
(4) All work shall be personally
supervised by a person trained and qualified to perform
live-line bare-hand work.
Underground
Lines
1926.956(b)(1)
(1) While work is being performed
in manholes, an employee shall be available in the immediate
vicinity to render emergency assistance as may be required.
This shall not preclude the employee in the immediate
vicinity from occasionally entering a manhole to provide
assistance, other than emergency. This requirement does not
preclude a qualified employee [a person who by reason of
experience or training is familiar with the operation to be
performed and the hazards involved], working alone, from
entering for brief periods of time, a manhole where
energized cables or equipment are in service, for the
purpose of inspection, housekeeping, taking readings, or
similar work if such work can be performed safely.
Construction
in Energized Substations
1926.957(a)(1)
(1) When construction work is
performed in an energized substation, authorization shall be
obtained from the designated, authorized person [a qualified
person delegated to perform specific duties under the
conditions existing] before work is started.
1926.957(d)(1)
(1) Work on or adjacent to
energized control panels shall be performed by designated
employees.
1926.957(e)(1)
(1) Use of vehicles, gin poles,
cranes, and other equipment in restricted or hazardous areas
shall at all times be controlled by designated employees.
Ladders
1926.1053(b)(15)
(15) Ladders shall be inspected by
a competent person for visible defects on a periodic basis
and after any occurrence that could affect their safe use.
1926.1060(a)(1)(i) through (v) and (b)
The following training provisions clarify the requirements
of § 1926.21(b)(2), regarding the hazards addressed in
subpart X.
(a) The employer shall provide a
training program for each employee using ladders and
stairways, as necessary. The program shall enable each
employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and
stairways, and shall train each employee in the procedures
to be followed to minimize these hazards.
(1) The employer shall ensure that
each employee has been trained by a competent person in the
following areas, as applicable:
(i) The nature of fall hazards in
the work area;
(ii) The correct procedures for
erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection
systems to be used;
(iii) The proper construction,
use, placement, and care in handling of all stairways and
ladders;
(iv) The maximum intended
load-carrying capacities of ladders used; and
(v) The standards contained in
this subpart.
(b) Retraining shall be provided
for each employee as necessary so that the employee
maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired through
compliance with this section. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Back
to Top
